Hassan Abdel Rahman Hassan Salameh

Hassan Abdel Rahman Hassan Salameh (born August 9, 1971) is a Palestinian member of Hamas serving a life sentence in Israeli prisons. A resident of Khan Yunis in the southern Gaza Strip, he was arrested in Hebron in 1996 and sentenced to 48 life terms plus an additional thirty years (totaling 1,175 years). He spent 13 of those years in solitary confinement. His arrest followed a pursuit by Israeli forces in Hebron in the southern West Bank, during which he was wounded before being captured. He was accused of membership in Hamas and its military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, as well as directing the "Sacred Revenge" operations following the assassination of Qassam commander Yahya Ayyash, which resulted in the deaths of dozens of Israelis.

Early life

Salameh was born on August 9, 1971, in the Khan Yunis refugee camp in the Gaza Strip. His family originates from the village of Al-Khaima in the Ramla district. He obtained his high school diploma and became a practicing Muslim through the Al-Imam Al-Shafi'i Mosque near his home.

From his youth, he formed a close bond with Yasser Al-Namrouti, despite their age difference. He was also closely associated with Yahya Sinwar. His upbringing involved participating in public seminars, festivals organized by Hamas and the Muslim Brotherhood, and supervising and participating in the Islamic Complex sports matches and student activities. He was heavily involved in dawah (missionary) activities from a young age.

Operations and recruitment

With the outbreak of the First Intifada, Salameh was among the early participants in its activities, progressing through its operations and military apparatus.

Arrests and travel

He was arrested multiple times by Israeli forces before being released. In 1992, while being wanted by Israeli authorities, he left Palestine. He returned approximately two years later after spending time abroad.

Palestinian Authority detention and marriage

Salameh was detained by the Palestinian Authority security services for six months. Immediately upon his release, he got married. Following his subsequent arrest by Israeli forces and upon learning that his sentence exceeded the span of his life, he insisted on divorcing his wife to spare her the burden of his lifelong imprisonment.

Imprisonment

Salameh was influenced by the Islamic scholar Abdullah Azzam, frequently quoting his words and reading his books. On one occasion, his mother visited him after he emerged from interrogation; he was brought out with his hands and feet shackled. Distressed by the sight, his mother began to cry. Salameh asked her not to weep, prompting her to utter ululations instead, which triggered chants of Takbir ("Allahu Akbar") among the other detainees.

Egyptian court ruling

On May 16, 2015, an Egyptian court sentenced Salameh to death in absentia, despite the fact that he had already been held in an Israeli prison for nearly 20 years.^[1][2]

Reactions

• His Mother: His mother condemned the Egyptian ruling, stating: "The Egyptian judiciary passes judgments, but our Lord nullifies them because He knows the truth and always stands with the innocent. This is an injustice and a fabrication against my son. If Hassan is executed, he is a hero executed for honor, not treason. He avenged the martyr Yahya Ayyash, and that is an honor." She further noted that her son had faced injustice from the occupation, the Palestinian Authority—which she stated coordinated security-wise with Israeli authorities leading to his arrest—and was now facing injustice from Egypt.^[3]

See also

• Abdullah Barghouti

References

1. "حسن سلامة: حكم جنايات القاهرة وسام مصر لأسير فلسطيني" (in Arabic). Al Jazeera Net.
2. "ماذا رد حسن سلامة على إتهامه بـ"إقتحام السجون"؟" (in Arabic). Al-Resalah Newspaper.
3. "والدة حسن سلامة: ابني بريئ" (in Arabic). Palestine Times.

Rotomotetia- التشابه الحلزوني

 في الهندسة الرياضية، التحاكي الدوراني)(ويُعرف أيضاً باسم التشابه الحلزوني هو تحويل هندسي في المستوى أو الفضاء ينشأ عن تركيب دوران وتحاك يشتركان المركز نفسه. ولذلك فعملية التركيب بينهما عملية تبادلية: أي أن تطبيق الدوران أولاً ثم التحاكي يعطي النتيجة نفسها لتطبيق التحاكي أولاً ثم الدوران.

تشابه حلزوني يحول المثلث ABC إلى المثلث A'B'C'

وعلى الرغم من أن أصل هذه الفكرة غير معروف، إلا أنها وُثِّقت عام 1967 بواسطة كوكسيتر (Coxeter) في كتابه «عودة إلى الهندسة» (Geometry Revisited)، وفي عام 1969 — باستخدام مصطلح «الدوران التوسعي» (dilative rotation) — في كتابه «مقدمة في الهندسة» (Introduction to Geometry).

الخصائص والوصف

التشابه الحلزوني هو تشابه مباشر، ويمتلك الخصائص الأساسية التالية:

• مركز التشابه: إذا كان معامل التحاكي ${\displaystyle k\ne 1}$، فإن التحويل يمتلك نقطة ثابتة واحدة فريدة ${\displaystyle O}$ تُسمى مركز التشابه.
• الحفاظ على الشكل: هو تحويل حافظ للزوايا (Conformal): فهو يحافظ على الزوايا الموجهة وعلى نسب الأطوال بين القطع المستقيمة، محولاً أي شكل مستوٍ إلى شكل مشابه له.
• المسار: عند تطبيق التشابه الحلزوني بشكل متكرر على نقطة ${\displaystyle P}$، فإن متتالية النقاط الناتجة تقع على حلزون لوغاريتمي قطبه هو المركز ${\displaystyle O}$.

التمثيل الجبري

في المستوى المركب، وبافتراض أن مركز التشابه يقع في نقطة الأصل ${\displaystyle O(0,0)}$، يُعبر عن التشابه الحلزوني بضرب العدد المركب في عدد مركب آخر غير صفري ${\displaystyle w}$:

${\displaystyle z^{\prime }=w\cdot z}$

وبكتابة ${\displaystyle w}$ بالصورة القطبية ${\displaystyle w=k{e}^{i\theta }}$:

• يمثل ${\displaystyle k=|w|}$ معامل التحاكي ().
• تمثل ${\displaystyle \theta =\arg (w)}$ زاوية الدوران.

وبصورة عامة، يُعبر عن أي تشابه حلزوني في المستوى المركب بمركز عام ${\displaystyle z_0}$ بالصيغة:

${\displaystyle z^{\prime }=az+b\text{حيث }a,b\in \mathbb{C},a\ne 0}$

حيث ينشأ المركز ${\displaystyle z_0}$ كنقطة ثابتة تحقق المعادلة ${\displaystyle z_0=a{z}_0+b}$.

الإنشاء الهندسي للمركز

ليكن لدينا قطعتان مستقيمتان موجهتان وغير متوازيتين ${\displaystyle AB}$ و ${\displaystyle A^{\prime }{B}^{\prime }}$، فإنه يوجد تشابه حلزوني واحد فقط ينقل ${\displaystyle A\to A^{\prime }}$ و ${\displaystyle B\to B^{\prime }}$. يمكن تحديد المركز ${\displaystyle O}$ هندسياً عن طريق تقاطع الدوائر:

1. ننشئ المستقيم المر بالنقطتين ${\displaystyle A}$ و ${\displaystyle A^{\prime }}$، والمستقيم المر بالنقطتين ${\displaystyle B}$ و ${\displaystyle B^{\prime }}$، لنحدد نقطة تقاطعهما ${\displaystyle P}$.
2. ننشئ الدائرة المارة بالنقاط ${\displaystyle A}$ و ${\displaystyle B}$ و ${\displaystyle P}$، والدائرة المارة بالنقاط ${\displaystyle A^{\prime }}$ و ${\displaystyle B^{\prime }}$ و ${\displaystyle P}$.
3. نقطة التقاطع الثانية بين الدائرتين (بخلاف النقطة ${\displaystyle P}$) تمثل مركز التشابه ${\displaystyle O}$.

المراجع

• H.S.M. Coxeter, Introduction to Geometry, 2nd ed., New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1969, ISBN 978-0-471-50458-0.
• I.M. Yaglom, Geometric Transformations II, Washington D.C., Mathematical Association of America, 1962, ISBN 978-0-88385-608-6.

انظر أيضاً

• تحاك
• دوران
• تشابه
• حلزون لوغاريتمي
• عدد مركب

1.  Coxeter, H.S.M. (1969). Introduction to Geometry (2 ed.). New York, London, Sydney and Toronto: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 72–75.

Rotomotetia

In geometria, una similitudine spirale (nota anche come rotomotetia) è una trasformazione geometrica del piano

 o dello spazio definita dalla composizione di una rotazione e di un'omotetia aventi lo stesso centro.

Poiché le due trasformazioni condividono il medesimo centro, la loro composizione è commutativa: applicare prima la rotazione e poi l'omotetia produce lo stesso risultato del processo inverso.

Una similitudine a spirale che trasforma il triangolo ABC nel triangolo A'B'C'.

Descrizione e proprietà

Una similitudine spirale è una similitudine diretta. Le sue caratteristiche fondamentali sono:

• Centro di similitudine: Se il fattore di scala k dell'omotetia è diverso da 1, la trasformazione ammette un unico punto fisso O, detto centro della similitudine.
• Conservazione della forma: È una trasformazione conforme: conserva gli angoli orientati e i rapporti tra le distanze, trasformando ogni figura piana in una figura ad essa simile.
• Traiettoria: Applicando ripetutamente una similitudine spirale a un punto P, la successione dei punti generati giace su una spirale logaritmica avente il polo nel centro O.

Costruzione del centro

Dati due segmenti orientati non paralleli AB e A'B', esiste un'unica similitudine spirale che mappa A ad A' e B ad B'. Il centro O si determina sinteticamente mediante l'intersezione di circonferenze:

1. Si traccia la retta passante per A e A' e la retta passante per B e B', individuando il loro punto d'intersezione P. 2. Si costruisce la circonferenza passante per A, B e P, e la circonferenza passante per A', B' e P. 3. Il secondo punto di intersezione tra le due circonferenze (oltre al punto P) definisce il centro di similitudine O.

Bibliografia

• H.S.M. Coxeter, Introduction to Geometry, 2ª ed., New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1969, ISBN 978-0-471-50458-0.
• I.M. Yaglom, Geometric Transformations II, Washington D.C., Mathematical Association of America, 1962, ISBN 978-0-88385-608-6.